Tag: Research

M, K (2015) Gender Inequality in Entertainment. At: https://vocal.media/geeks/gender-inequality-in-entertainment (Accessed on 1st of September 2019).  

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Kay M says that people don’t recognised a problem with it involves something they are ‘entertained’ by. She looks the cinema and how women are undervalued, stereotyped and underappreicated. She believes a Reason for This may be the disproportionate number of male photographers to women, at a ration of 225 to 1. Women also earn a significantly less than male artists. She does raise the point that every though women have the worse deal, men are treated unfairly due to stereotyping. But the inequality against women is not as noticeable for some. Many women are beginning to speak out about the inequality and their own personal experiences.  

(M, K, 2015; Stewart, G).  

Cooke, A (2017) Is photography overrun by white males? At: https://fstoppers.com/originals/photography-overrun-white-males-160839 (Accessed on 1st of September 2019).  

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In this article, Alex Cooke, starts by stating the photography is “dominated by white males” (Cooke, 2017). He believes that photography is a form of art, and as such own personal experiences come together and influence someones art. But when the majority of images we see are by white men, this has a knock on influence with the rest of society. There is a disproportionate misrepresentation in our society and culture. Society has become self-sustaining by maintaining and renewing these beliefs. Cooke found that people who disagreed with the inequality or even doubted it’s existed where men, who where not affected by the issues. 

(Cooke, 2017; Stewart, G).  

Hernandez, C (2018) LoMo In-Depth: Women Photographer’s on Gender Inequality. At: https://www.lomogallery.com/magazine/336380-lomo-in-depth-women-photographers-on-gender-inequality (Accessed on 8th of September 2019).  

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Ciel Hernandez states that in general women earn less than men, and they do not get the same opportunities that men do. She goes on to say that there have been female photographers that were famous, but this could be down to luck, opportunity and life. There are many unheard of photographers, who are good at what they do. Some brands like Nikon, Canon, Fujifilm, and Sony have found to be forcing a gender balance, but it still isn’t balanced. For the majority who are successful, it appears to be backed by gender. Eliza Hatch talks about her experiences as a female street photographer, and the unwanted attention and harassment she received. The public space is a male playgound. Some female artists believe that their gender is an advantage. Meg Hewitt believes by showing vulnerability, it has the power of making someone else comfortable. Hernandez states that progress has been made in galleries and institutions, but many men are also fighting for the cause.  

(Hernandez, 2018; Stewart, G).  

Roller, E. J (2018) My Parents give me $28,000 a year. At: https://www.vox.com/first-person/2018/11/12/18057130/money-income-inequality-basic-income-generational-wealth (Accessed on 6th of September 2019).  

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This article detailed the financial inequality that hinders many talented artists starting out. The articles detailed how as a student, Roller, was given money by his parents which enormously helped his studies and careers. Whilst his friends struggled to make a living. When he was 33 years old, he was actually making his own living. This demonstrates the inequality that stops genuinely talented artists from being able to compete. They need to earn money for their studies and to live and do not have money given to them by parents. So many have to turn their back on their dreams. Their is a wealth inequality which threatens talent in the art world. 

(Roller, 2018; Stewart, G).  

Van Graan, M (2019) Representing and challenging inequality through the arts. At: https://en.unesco.org/inclusivepolicylab/analytics/representing-and-challenging-inequality-through-arts/ (Accessed on 4th of September 2019).  

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Mike Van Graan believes inequality is found in the production of art but also in the appreciation of it. He believes that art can challenge this inequality.    

Van Graan, 2019; Stewart, G).  

Vedantam, S (2018) Researchers explore ender disparities in the art world. At: https://www.npr.org/2018/09/18/649060336/researchers-explore-gender-disparities-in-art-world?=1568298097357 (Accessed on 3rd of September 2019). 

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This article looks at the reasons behind the gender inequality in the arts. Research has shown that art by women sells for far less than that by a man at auction (Vedantam, 2018). Steven Inskeep states that, “Women are paid less than men for the same work” (Inskeep, quoted in Vedantam, 2018). Vedantam debates whether there is an issue with the female artists or a bias with the buyers. There was an experiment involving computer generated art. As soon as an image was labelled with a female artists name, people valued it less than that of a mans. So going by this, it could be ingrained sexism coming to light. 

(Vedantam, 2018; Stewart, G).  

Millington, R. Tate Campaign #5 Women Artists to Challenge gender inequality in art. At: htps://ruthmillington.com/tate-5womenartists-gender-inequality-in-art/ (Accessed on 1st of September 2019).  

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Ruth Millington believes that women have traditionally been ignored when looking at the history of art. The Tate gallery are trying to combat this by holding five solo exhibitions featuring art by women this year (2020) and next (2021), this is being called the #5 women artists. Millington explores Linda Nochlin’s work briefly. Then she looks at what has changed from the Renaissance era to the 19th century. The ability to draw a nude figure was an essential skill, but for women it was seen as improper to be drawing this form. Over time this changed, but women were only allowed under supervision of a man. Art that has been associated with women, has systematically under appreciated. 

(Millington; Stewart, G).  

Greenberg, J (2018) The Female Lens. At: https://alreadymade.org/the-female-lens/ (Accessed on 1st of September 2019).  

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This articles by Jill Greenberg i quite useful for my work. She states that around 90% of images we see in the media are taken by a man, so effectively we are seeing the world through a male gaze. Greenberg talks about her own experiences in the field, like how she was getting turned down because she was a woman. She states there is a deep inequality in Hollywood too, where men would photograph women, and a male photographer was chosen by a committee of women. She states that Oprah, who encourages women, only used male photographers for her magazine between 2013 and 2017. Greenberg believes that these men, who are commissioned to create images, are able to shape our world, so in turn they have the power. She believes the solution is to have women photographing half of the images. Greenberg went further and created a company which lists only female photographers, called AlreadyMade. 

(Greenberg, 2018; Stewart, G).  

Galley, M (2018) Where are all the great women artists? At: https://artshaus.co.uk/inspirations/women-artists-gender-inequality-in-the-art-world (Accessed on 29th of August 2019).

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This articles by Melissa Galley starts by stating that women have never reached equality with men in the arts. Galley backs her statement up with facts from the art world, for example between 2011 and 2016 on two women featured in the top 100 art by living artists. Galley states that the Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act of 1928 was the beginning for women gaining independence. But there is still and inequality in the arts. Galley believes rather than there being no good female artists, there are only overlooked ones instead (Galley, 2018).  

(Galley, 2018; Stewart, G).  

Kinea. Where are all women artists? An analysis of gender inequality in the realm of the arts. At: http://kinea.media/en/human-sciences/women-artists-men-inequalities (Accessed on 30th of August 2019).  

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This article on Kinea, is available online and looks at the lack of women in the arts. The author, whose name is unknown, talks about the presences of hegemony alongside other issues such as motherhood and marriage, these all can be potential problems for women in the arts. The author mentions that Ernst Gombrich’s The Story of Art does not feature any female artist, this shows historically that women were either excluded or did not receive the same recognition as their male counterparts. There have been several articles which try and discuss the inequality including those by Cowen and Nochlin. Though they do differ, they also raise similar points. There is a stereotyping in the arts. For men, it is a masculine pursuit, a job or a career. But for women it is seen as a hobby. In order to overcome this, the author claims that some female artists have taken on some masculinity to get their work seen. 

The perceived role of women has had an impact on the arts. Women are expected to marry, be homemakers and raise children. This forces women to abandon their careers, as their work and societal pressure doesn’t always fit around their life. In the 20th century, women in general had their work brought to note by standing next to their husbands work. 

The article ends with a quote, which is quite resonating, “The arts stay a hostile and unforgiving environment for female artists” (Kinea).

(Kinea; Stewart, G).